Black carbon estimation in French calcareous soils using chemo‐thermal oxidation method

We studied the black carbon (BC) content of ca. 405 samples from French topsoil and artificial soil and carbonate mixtures. Our protocol involved three main steps: (i) decarbonation by HCl, (ii) elimination of non‐pyrogenic organic carbon in a furnace at 375 °C, and (iii) quantification of residual carbon by CHN analysis. BC content increased for calcareous soils according to their carbonates content. Subsequent analyses confirmed the existence of a methodological artefact for BC determination only in calcareous soils. Decarbonation changes the thermal properties of organic matter, creating more recalcitrant carbon than in the initial sample. Higher CaCO₃ and organic carbon content results in a more pronounced artefact. The reversal of the first two steps of the chemo‐thermal oxidation method (i.e. thermal oxidation before soil decarbonation) eliminates this artefact. Overall, our results suggest that BC content may have been overestimated in a large number of studies on calcareous soils.     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料，以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂，与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫，利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律，使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类，方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著；2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%，沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0，阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土，制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3，抗压强度0.83 MPa，导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1，此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料；3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程，阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%，燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。     

感应式高压静电喷头雾滴荷电效果影响因素分析

为研究如何在有限的充电电压下获得良好的雾滴荷电效果,首先建立了雾滴荷电过程的等效模型,对影响雾滴荷电效果的关键性参数进行理论推导;然后采取圆环形和仿形两种电极形式,取3个高压电极的关键性技术参数,设计4种不同的高压电极方案;最后配合2、2.5mm两种不同的绝缘层厚度,为雾锥角为80°的空心圆锥雾喷头TR 80-04设计了8种不同的高压静电罩,用网状目标法与法拉第筒法结合的荷质比测量系统对其荷电比进行测量,以荷质比评价其荷电效果的优劣。结果证明:理论分析与试验研究达到了良好的一致性,仿形电极的荷电效果明显优于圆环形电极,且电极宽度、电极中心到喷口的轴向距离与雾滴荷质比正相关,为高压静电罩的合理设计提供了可靠的理论和试验依据。     

基于GODAS资料的南海上层海洋热状态气候变化特征分析

为了深入了解南海上层海洋热力状态的变化规律,利用1980—2015年共36年GODAS月平均海温资料,将5~366 m的垂直平均海温表征南海地区海洋上层的热含量,分析了南海海洋上层热状态的水平和垂直分布特征以及季节和年际变化特征。结果表明：年平均南海热含量水平分布表现为东高西低的形势,垂直纬向平均分布表现为暖水厚度和温跃层深度东厚（深）西薄（浅）,垂直经向平均表现为暖水厚度南厚北薄,温跃层深度中间浅两边深;南海地区海温变化幅度在75~200 m处最大,不同深度海温距平均具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征;南海区域平均热含量在秋季最高,春夏次之,冬季最低,其年际变化明显,且在1998年之后出现明显的突变,由负值转变为正值,表现出明显的增温趋势;热含量季节EOF主模态空间分布形势表现为东高西低的特征,对应的时间序列在20世纪90年代末存在年代际转折,由主要为负值转化为主要为正值,表现在空间分布上,则为南海地区热含量由西高东低型转化为东高西低型。     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象，通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机，将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置，设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量，测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明，在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内，对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%），喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时，喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化，由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流，相应的气流速度下降了16%左右；油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小，但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显，油门开度增大，雾滴流速度明显增加，药液流量增大，雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下，对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳，尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴，这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面，无法有效喷施到目标物上；药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时，各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小，同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态，常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群，且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中，喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分，中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大，中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大，且距中心轴线越远的下方，雾滴增大越明显，即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况，在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

基于红外热成像的夜间农田实时语义分割

农田环境实时语义分割是构成智能农机的视觉环境感知的重要环节，夜间农田语义分割可以使智能农机在夜间通过视觉感知农田环境进行全天候作业，而夜间无光环境下，可见光摄像头成像效果较差，将造成语义分割精度的下降。为保证夜间农田环境下红外图像语义分割的精度与实时性，该研究提出了一种适用于红外图像的红外实时双边语义分割网络（Infrared Real-time Bilateral Semantic Segmentation Network，IR-BiSeNet），根据红外图像分辨率低，细节模糊的特点该网络在实时双边语义分割网络（Bilateral Semantic Segmentation Net，BiSeNet）结构基础上进行改进，在其空间路径上，进一步融合红外图像低层特征，在该网络构架中的注意力提升模块、特征融合模块上使用全局最大池化层替换全局平均池化层以保留红外图像纹理细节信息。为验证提出方法的有效性，通过在夜间使用红外热成像采集的农田数据集上进行试验，数据集分割目标包括田地、行人、植物、障碍物、背景。经试验验证，提出方法在夜间农田红外数据集上达到了85.1%的平均交并比（Mean Intersection over Union，MIoU），同时达到40帧/s的处理速度，满足对夜间农田的实时语义分割。     

The thermal antinociceptive effects of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine alone or followed by hydromorphone in conscious cats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine alone or followed by hydromorphone in conscious cats.Study designRandomized, blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study design.AnimalsA total of six purpose-bred, adult female ovariohysterectomized Domestic Short Hair cats.MethodsCats were allocated into three treatments each consisting of two injections, subcutaneous then intravenous (IV) administration, 2 hours apart: treatment SS, two injections of 0.9% saline; treatment BS, buprenorphine (0.24 mg kg^–1, 1.8 mg mL^–1) and saline; and treatment BH, buprenorphine (0.24 mg kg^–1) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg^–1). Skin temperature (ST) and thermal threshold (TT) were recorded before (baseline) and for 24 hours following first injection. TT data were analyzed using mixed linear models and a Benjamini–Hochberg sequential adjustment procedure (p < 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant differences among treatments for baseline ST and TT values, treatment SS over time and between treatments BS and BH. Compared with baseline, TT was significantly increased at all time points in treatments BH and BS except at 2 hours in treatment BS. TT was significantly higher than SS at 3–18 hours and 4–12 hours for treatments BS and BH, respectively. Maximal increases in TT were 47.5 °C at 2 hours, 53.9 °C at 3 hours and 52.4 °C at 6 hours in treatments SS, BS and BH, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of IV hydromorphone following high-concentration buprenorphine provided no additional antinociception and decreased the duration of effect when compared with high-concentration buprenorphine alone. Alternative analgesics should be considered if additional analgesia is required after administration of high-concentration buprenorphine.